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Classical conditioning is a theory that explains how something leads to a response without any actual cause-and-effect relationship, while operant conditioning focuses on creating pleasing consequences to encourage desired behaviors. Operant conditioning, developed by Harvard psychologist BF Skinner, suggests that people are more likely to repeat behaviors if they are immediately rewarded or punished. This can be applied in various settings, including workplaces, where managers can use operant conditioning to shape employee behaviors for maximum efficiency.