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The differences between the modern human mind and that of the Neanderthals are numerous and significant. Here are some key points:

1. Language: Modern humans have a more complex language system with a larger vocabulary, grammar rules, and the ability to create complex sentences. Neanderthals had a much simpler language system with fewer words and less grammatical complexity.
2. Symbolic thinking: Modern humans have a greater capacity for symbolic thinking, which allows them to represent abstract concepts and ideas through symbols and images. Neanderthals did not have this ability to the same extent.
3. Cognitive flexibility: Modern humans have a greater cognitive flexibility, which allows them to adapt to new situations and learn from experience. Neanderthals had a more limited capacity for cognitive flexibility.
4. Social intelligence: Modern humans have a greater ability for social intelligence, which includes the ability to read social cues, empathize with others, and cooperate in groups. Neanderthals had a more limited ability for social intelligence.
5. Self-awareness: Modern humans have a greater capacity for self-awareness, which allows them to reflect on their own thoughts and emotions. Neanderthals had a more limited capacity for self-awareness.
6. Tool use: Modern humans have a greater ability to create and use complex tools, such as those made from stone, wood, and metal. Neanderthals had a more limited ability to create and use tools.
7. Art and culture: Modern humans have a greater ability to create and appreciate art and cultural expressions, such as music, dance, and visual arts. Neanderthals had a more limited ability to create and appreciate art and culture.
8. Spatial reasoning: Modern humans have a greater ability to reason spatially, which allows them to understand and manipulate objects in three dimensions. Neanderthals had a more limited ability to reason spatially.
9. Memory: Modern humans have a greater capacity for memory, which allows them to store and retrieve information more effectively. Neanderthals had a more limited capacity for memory.
10. Brain size: Modern humans have larger brains than Neanderthals, with more neurons and a more complex structure. This larger brain size may have contributed to the development of these cognitive abilities.

In summary, the modern human mind has evolved in many ways compared to the Neanderthals, including greater language complexity, symbolic thinking, cognitive flexibility, social intelligence, self-awareness, tool use, art and culture, spatial reasoning, memory, and brain size. These differences are thought to have arisen due to the unique environmental and cultural pressures faced by early modern humans.