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The text discusses the flow of energy through an ecosystem, highlighting the role of producers (plants) as the primary source of energy for other organisms. Consumers (everything else) obtain energy from producers through a food chain or food web. The text also introduces the concept of trophic levels, which are the levels of nourishment in a food chain, and pyramid models that illustrate the distribution of organisms and energy within an ecosystem.The text explains that almost all producers obtain energy from sunlight, but there are exceptions, such as chemosynthetic prokaryotes that utilize chemicals in water to form carbohydrates. The text also discusses the different types of consumers, including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, specialists, and generalists, and their varying diets.The text also covers trophic levels, which are the levels of nourishment in a food chain, with producers as the basis of all trophic levels. The text explains that some energy is lost at each link in a food chain, with only 10% of the available energy being left to transfer from one trophic level to the next.Finally, the text introduces pyramid models that illustrate the distribution of organisms and energy within an ecosystem. These models include biomass pyramids, which compare the biomass of different trophic levels within an ecosystem, and pyramids of numbers, which show the number of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
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food chain
trophic levels
energy
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primary source
levels
food
trophic
obtain energy
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