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Isiqendu

Inani π (pi) yimathematika engatshintshiyo emele umlinganiselo wesangqa kwidayamitha yaso. Linani elingenangqiqo, elithetha ukuba alinakuchazwa njengeqhezu elilula, kwaye ukwandiswa kwedesimali kuyaqhubeka ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuphinda. Ixabiso eliqikelelweyo lika π yi-3.14159, kodwa amanani ayo abalwe kwiitriliyoni zeendawo zedesimali. Imbali yokufunyanwa kwe-π inde kwaye ithatha iinkcubeko ezininzi: I-Egypt yaMandulo kunye neBhabhiloni: Zombini impucuko yakudala yayinoqikelelo lwexabiso lika-π, nangona ingekho kwidesimali esetyenziswayo namhlanje. AmaJiphutha amandulo ayesebenzisa ixabiso elingu-π kufutshane ne-3.125, ngelixa amaBhabhiloni ayesebenzisa uqikelelo lwe-3.125 ngokunjalo. IGrisi yamandulo: Isazi sezibalo esingumGrike uArchimedes (malunga nowama-287-212 B.C.E.) sidla ngokubalwa ngokuba negalelo elikhulu ekuqondweni kwegama elithi π. Wasebenzisa indlela yokubhala kunye nemacala amaninzi ajikelezayo ukuqikelela ixabiso lika-π. Ngokusebenzisa iipoligoni ezinamacala amaninzi, unokucutha ixabiso elingu-π. U-Archimedes wabonisa ukuba u-π ulele phakathi kwe-3 1/7 (malunga ne-3.1429) kunye ne-3 10/71 (malunga ne-3.1408). Iingcali zeMathematika zaseTshayina naseIndiya: Iingcali zezibalo zaseTshayina naseIndiya zaqikelela ixabiso lika-π. Iingcali zezibalo zaseTshayina zasebenzisa ixabiso elingu-3.125, ngelixa iingcali zezibalo zaseIndiya ezifana neAryabhata zisebenzisa ixabiso elingu-π njenge-3.1416. Ubalo lwangoku: Ukusetyenziswa kwezibalo ngenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18 kukhokelele ekubalweni okuchane ngakumbi kuka-π. Iingcali zezibalo ezifana no-John Wallis, u-Isaac Newton, kunye no-Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz babe negalelo kwiindlela eziphuculweyo zokubala u-π usebenzisa uthotho olungenasiphelo. Iindlela zokubala: Ngokufika kweekhompyuter, iingcali zezibalo zazikwazi ukubala u-π ukuya kwizigidi, iibhiliyoni, kunye neetriliyoni zeendawo zedesimali. Iifomula ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-algorithms ziphuhlisiwe ukubala u-π ukuya kokuchaneka okuphezulu. Uphawu π: Isimboli π yomlinganiselo wesangqa ukuya kwidayamitha yaqala ukusetyenziswa yingcali yezibalo yaseWales uWilliam Jones ngo-1706. unobumba wokuqala wegama lesiGrike elithi "περίμετρος" (umjikelezo) kunye no "περίμετρον" (perimetro) ngesiLatini.

Isishwankathelo

IBetelgeuse yinkwenkwezi enkulu ebomvu ekwikroza leOrion eyenye yezona nkwenkwezi zinkulu neziqaqambileyo ezibonakalayo eMhlabeni. Isondele esiphelweni somjikelo wobomi bayo, sele iwugqibile undoqo we-hydrogen fuel yayo kwaye yaqalisa ukuhlanganisa i-helium kwizinto ezinzima, kwaye kukholelwa ukuba isandulela somsitho oqaqambileyo we-supernova. Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zisebenzise iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunda umphezulu weBetelgeuse, umahluko wobushushu, kunye nezinye iipropathi, kwaye ngasekupheleni kuka-2019 nasekuqaleni kuka-2020, yafumana isiganeko esiba luzizi ngokungaqhelekanga. Oku kukhokelele kuqikelelo lokuba inokuba semngciphekweni wokuya kwi-supernova, kwaye ukufunda ngogqabhuko-dubulo lwe-supernova ekugqibeleni kuya kubonelela ngengqiqo exabisekileyo kumanqanaba okugqibela e-stellar evolution.

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